Congo
Republic of the Congo
Congo-Brazzaville
The Republic of the Congo (French: République du Congo; Kongo: Repubilika ya Kongo; Lingala: Republiki ya Kongó), also known as Congo-Brazzaville, Little Congo, or simply the Congo, is a state in Central Africa. It is bordered by Gabon, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly known as Zaire), the Angolan exclave province of Cabinda, and the Gulf of Guinea.
Pointe Noire harbor
The region was dominated by Bantu tribes, who built trade links leading into the Congo River basin. The republic is a former French colony. Upon independence in 1960, the former French region of Middle Congo became the Republic of the Congo. The People's Republic of the Congo was a Marxist-Leninist single-party state from 1970 to 1991. Multiparty elections have been held since 1992, although a democratically elected government was ousted in a 1997 civil war.
The earliest inhabitants of the region were Pygmy people, who later were largely
displaced and absorbed by Bantu who found tribes during the Bantu expansions.
The Bakongo are a Bantu ethnicity that also occupied parts of present-day
Angola, Gabon, and Democratic Republic of the Congo, forming the basis for
ethnic affinities and rivalries among those countries. Several Bantu
kingdoms—notably those of the Kongo, the Loango, and the Teke—built trade links
leading into the Congo River basin.
The inhabitants of the Congo river delta first came into contact with Europeans
in the late 15th century with Portuguese expeditions charting the African
coastline. Commercial relationships were quickly established between the inland
Bantu kingdoms and European merchants who traded various commodities,
manufactured goods, and slaves captured from the hinterlands. For centuries, the
Congo river delta was a major commercial hub for transatlantic trade. However,
when direct European colonization of the African continent began in the late
19th century, the power of the Bantu societies in the region eroded.
The area came under French sovereignty in the 1880s. In 1908, France organized
French Equatorial Africa (AEF), comprising its colonies of Middle Congo (modern
Congo), Gabon, Chad, and Oubangui-Chari (modern Central African Republic).
Brazzaville was selected as the federal capital. Economic development during the
first 50 years of colonial rule in Congo centered on natural resource
extraction. The Conference of 1944 heralded a period of major reform in French
colonial policy. Congo benefited from the postwar expansion of colonial
administrative and infrastructure spending as a result of its central geographic
location within AEF and the federal capital at Brazzaville.
Following independence as the Congo Republic on August 15, 1960, Fulbert Youlou
ruled as the country's first president until labour elements and rival political
parties instigated a three-day uprising that ousted him. The Congolese military
took charge of the country briefly and installed a civilian provisional
government headed by Alphonse Massamba-Débat. Under the 1963 constitution,
Massamba-Débat was elected President for a five-year term. The regime adopted
"scientific socialism" as the country's constitutional ideology.
In 1965, Congo established relations with the Soviet Union, the People's
Republic of China, North Korea and North Vietnam. Massamba-Débat was unable to
reconcile various institutional and ideological factions and his regime was
ended abruptly with an August 1968 coup d'état. Marien Ngouabi, who had
participated in the coup, assumed the presidency on December 31, 1968. One year
later, President Ngouabi proclaimed Congo to be Africa's first "people's
republic" and announced the decision of the National Revolutionary Movement to
change its name to the Congolese Labour Party (PCT). On March 16, 1977,
President Ngouabi was assassinated. An 11-member Military Committee of the Party
(CMP) was named to head an interim government with Joachim Yhombi-Opango to
serve as President of the Republic. Two years later, Yhombi-Opango was forced
from power and Denis Sassou Nguesso become the new president.
Sassou Nguesso aligned the country with the Eastern Bloc and signed a
twenty-year friendship pact with the Soviet Union. Over the years, Sassou had to
rely more on political repression and less on patronage to maintain his
dictatorship.
railroad station
Lissouba, another socialist, did not bring much change. He delayed economic reforms.
Congo's democratic progress was derailed in 1997 when Lissouba and Sassou
started to fight over power. As presidential elections scheduled for July 1997
approached, tensions between the Lissouba and Sassou camps mounted. On June 5,
President Lissouba's government forces surrounded Sassou's compound in
Brazzaville and Sassou ordered members of his private militia (known as
"Cobras") to resist. Thus began a four-month conflict that destroyed or damaged
much of Brazzaville and caused tens of thousands of civilian deaths. In early
October, the Angolan socialist regime began an invasion of Congo to install
Sassou to power. In mid-October, the Lissouba government fell. Soon thereafter,
Sassou declared himself President.
Controversial elections in 2002 saw Sassou win with almost 90% of the vote cast.
His two main rivals Lissouba and Bernard Kolelas were prevented from competing
and the only remaining credible rival, Andre Milongo, advised his supporters to
boycott the elections and then withdrew from the race. A new constitution,
agreed upon by referendum in January 2002, granted the president new powers,
extended his term to seven years, and introduced a new bicameral assembly.
International observers took issue with the organization of the presidential
election as well as the constitutional referendum, both of which were
reminiscent in their organization of Congo's era of the single-party state.]
Following the presidential elections, fighting restarted in the Pool region
between government forces and rebels lead by Pastor Ntumi; a peace treaty to end
the conflict was signed in April 2003.
The regime held the presidential election in July 2009. According to the
Congolese Observatory of Human Rights, a non-governmental organization, the
election was marked by "very low" turnout and "fraud and irregularities." The
regime announced Sassou as the winner.
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