Hermitage Museum
State Hermitage Museum
The State Hermitage Museum (Russian: Государственный Эрмитаж, Gosudarstvennyj Èrmitaž) in Saint Petersburg, Russia is one of the largest museums in the world, with 3 million works of art (not all on display at once), and one of the oldest art galleries and museums of human history and culture in the world. The vast Hermitage collections are displayed in six buildings, the main one being the Winter Palace which used to be the official residence of the Russian Tsars. International branches of The Hermitage Museum are located in Amsterdam, London, and Las Vegas.
Winter Palace
Strong points of the Hermitage collection of Western art include Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Rubens, van Dyck, Rembrandt, Poussin, Claude Lorrain, Watteau, Tiepolo, Canaletto, Canova, Rodin, Monet, Pissarro, Renoir, Cézanne, van Gogh, Gauguin, Picasso, and Matisse. There are several more collections, however, including the Russian imperial regalia, an assortment of Fabergé jewellery, and the largest existing collection of ancient gold from Eastern Europe and Western Asia.
Hermitage Theater on the right
Catherine the Great started the famed collection in 1764 by purchasing more than 225 paintings from Johann Ernst Gotzkowsky, after bankruptcy in the year before. Russian ambassadors in foreign capitals were commissioned to acquire the best collections offered for sale: Brühl's collection in Saxony, Crozat's in France and the Walpole gallery in England. Catherine called her art gallery my hermitage, as very few people were allowed within to see its riches. In one of her letters she lamented that "only the mice and I can admire all this." She also gave the name of the Hermitage to her private theatre, built nearby between 1783 and 1787.
Greek Culture
Gradually imperial collections were enriched by relics of Greek and Scythian culture, unearthed during excavations on Pereshchepina, Pazyryk, and other ancient burial mounds in southern Russia. Thus started one of the world's richest collections of ancient gold, which now includes a substantial part of Troy's treasures unearthed by Heinrich Schliemann and seized from Berlin museums by the Red Army in 1945.
Egyptian antiquity
To house the ever-expanding collection of Greek, Roman, and Egyptian
antiquities, Nicholas I commissioned the neoclassicist German architect Leo von
Klenze to design a building for the public museum. Probably the first
purpose-built art gallery in Eastern Europe, the New Hermitage was opened to the
public in 1852.
Leonardo da Vinci
As the Czars continued to amass their art holdings, several works of Leonardo da
Vinci, Jan van Eyck, and Raphael were bought in Italy. The Hermitage collection
of Rembrandts was considered the largest in the world.
Rembrandt
Other Photos of the Collection
The imperial Hermitage was proclaimed property of the Soviet state after the Revolution of 1917. The range of its exhibits was further expanded when private art collections from several palaces of the Russian Tsars and numerous private mansions were being nationalized and then redistributed among major Soviet state museums. Particularly notable was the influx of old masters from the Catherine Palace, the Alexander Palace, the Stroganov palace and the Yusupov Palace as well as from other palaces of St. Petersburg and suburbs. Later Hermitage received modern art from private collections of Sergei Shchukin and Ivan Morozov which were nationalized by the Soviet state. New acquisitions included most of Gauguin's later oeuvre, 40 works of Cubistic works by Picasso, and such icons of modern art as Matisse's La danse and Vincent van Gogh's Night Cafe. After WWII the Hermitage received about 40 canvasses by Henri Matisse as a gift from the artist to the museum. Other internationally known artists also gave their works to the Hermitage.
The hard-liners in the Soviet government did not pay much attention to
maintenance of art, which was officially labeled as "bourgeois and decadent"
art. During the 1920s and 1930s, under the rule of Stalin, the Soviet government
ordered the sale of over two thousand works of art, including some of the most
precious works from the Hermitage collection. These included priceless
masterpieces like Raphael's Alba Madonna, Titian's Venus with a Mirror,
Botticelli's Adoration of the Magi, and Jan van Eyck's Annunciation among other
world known masterpieces by Rembrandt, Van Dyck. In 1931, after a series of
negotiations, 22 works of art from the Hermitage were acquired by Andrew W.
Mellon, who later donated most of these works to form a nucleus of the National
Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C.. There were other losses, though works of
their kind are more abundant: thousands of works were moved from the Hermitage
collection to the Pushkin Museum in Moscow and other museums across the USSR.
Some pieces of the old collection were also lost to enemy looting and shelling
during the Siege of Leningrad in the Second World War, when the Hermitage
building was marked as one of the prime targets of the Nazi air-raids and
artillery, albeit it was more or less successfully defended by the surviving
citizens of Leningrad.
Della Robbia
This period in Hermitage's history came to an end in 1945. At that time the
government attempted to compensate recent losses by transferring to the museum
some of the art captured by the Red Army in Germany during World War II. The
most highly-priced part of the booty were 74 Impressionist and
Post-Impressionist paintings taken from private collections of German business
elite. These paintings were considered lost until 1995 when the museum unveiled
them to the public as "Hidden treasures" revealed. The Russian government
maintains that these works provide just a small compensation for irreparable
losses inflicted on Russian cultural heritage by the German invasion in WWII,
including the almost complete destruction and looting of Tsar's palaces in
Peterhof, Oranienbaum, Pavlovsk, Gatchina, and Tsarskoe Selo, as well as other
cities and towns under the Nazi occupation. Moreover, the State Duma passed a
law forbidding return of disputed works to their owners in case they were guilty
of financing the Nazi regime.
Van Gogh
More Photos of Picasso and the Impressionists
In recent years, Hermitage expanded to the nearby buildings of the General Staff and launched several ambitious projects abroad, including the Guggenheim Hermitage Museum in Las Vegas, the Hermitage Rooms in London's Somerset House, and the Hermitage Amsterdam in the former Amstelhof, Amsterdam.
armor and tapestries
The Hermitage and much of its collection were featured in the 24-hour long Japanese documentary film, the largest film ever about the Hermitage, made in the 1990s. The Winter Palace and other buildings of the Hermitage and its interiors were filmed in several Soviet documentaries and educational films, as well as in numerous feature films, such as the James Bond film Golden Eye, Anna Karenina, and other movies. The most recent movie made in the Hermitage was Russian Ark, a single-shot walkthrough with period re-enactments by actors in period-style costumes, spanning three hundred years of court meetings, balls and family life in the Winter Palace.
malachite vase
In July 2006, the museum announced that 221 minor items, including jewelry, Orthodox icons, silverware and richly enameled objects, had been stolen. The value of the stolen items was estimated to be approximately $543,000, albeit by the end of the year 2006 some of the stolen items were recovered.
Text from Wikipedia
Large Hermitage entrance
where brides often go for wedding photos
